Letztes “update” :
27/11/2024
Sympathicomimetikum   Epinephrine hydrochloride  
Injektion
Salben
Stabilität der Lösung Gemengestabilität Stabilitätbeeinflussende Faktoren Kompatibilitäten Applikationsart Literaturverzeichnis pdf
   Chemische Struktur  

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Handelsnamen sind als beispielhaft anzusehen. Sonstige Bestandteile können je nach Hersteller oder Land verschieden sein

Adrenalin Dänemark, Deutschland, Finnland, Island, Kanada, Luxemburg, Norwegen, Schweden, Schweiz, Spanien, Türkei
Adrenalina Argentinien, Kolumbien, Portugal, Rumänien, Spanien
Adrenaline Ägypten, Frankreich, Neuseeland, Saudi-Arabien
Anapen Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Niederlande, Österreich, Schweden, Schweiz
Emerade Deutschland, Rumänien
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L - Adrenalin Österreich
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Min I Ject Adrenalin Großbritannien
Pinadrina Mexiko
Suprarenin Deutschland, Österreich
Tonogen Ungarn
Vasocon Indien
Literaturverzeichnis   Injektion   Literaturverzeichnis : Epinephrine hydrochloride  
Typ Veröffentlichung
59 Zeitung Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Martinez JF, Kim MC.
Compatibility of remifentanil hydrochloride with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 2192-2196.
192 Zeitung Peddicord TE, Olsen KM, ZumBrunnen TL, Warner DJ, Webb L.
Stability of high-concentration dopamine hydrochloride, norepinephrine bitartrate, epinephrine hydrochloride, and nitroglycerin in 5% dextrose injection.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 1417-1419.
197 Zeitung Allwood MC.
The stability of four catecholamines in 5% glucose infusions.
J Clin Pharm Ther 1991 ; 16: 337-340.
198 Zeitung Gayed AA, Kheshary PR, Hinkle RL.
Visual compatibility of diltiazem injection with various diluents and medications during simulated Y-site injection.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1995 ; 52: 516-520.
217 Zeitung Allen LV, Stiles ML, Wang DP, Tu YH.
Stability of bupivacaine hydrochloride, epinephrine hydrochloride, and fentanyl citrate in portable infusion-pump reservoirs.
Am J Hosp Pharm 1993 ; 50: 714-715.
280 Zeitung Allen LV, Stiles ML, Prince SJ, Sylvestri MF.
Stability of cefpirome sulfate in the presence of commonly used intensive care drugs during simulated Y-site injection.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1995 ; 52: 2427-2433.
299 Zeitung Trissel LA, Martinez JF, Gilbert DL.
Compatibility of cisatracurium besylate with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 1735-1741.
300 Zeitung Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Martinez JF.
Compatibility of propofol injectable emulsion with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 1287-1292.
314 Zeitung Chiu MF, Schwartz ML.
Visual compatibility of injectable drugs used in the intensive care unit.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 64-65.
398 Zeitung Jay GT, Fanikos J, Souney PF.
Visual compatibility of famotidine with commonly used critical-care medications during simulated Y-site injection.
Am J Hosp Pharm 1988 ; 45: 1556-1557.
402 Zeitung Savitsky ME.
Visual compatibility of neuromuscular blocking agents with various injectable drugs during simulated Y-site injection.
Am J Hosp Pharm 1990 ; 47: 820-821.
552 Zeitung Martinez JF, Trissel LA, Gilbert DL.
Compatibility of warfarin sodium with selected drugs and large-volume parenteral solutions.
Int J Pharm Compound 1997 ; 1: 356-358.
659 Zeitung Donnely RF, Yen M.
Epinephrine stability in plastic syringes and glass vials.
Can J Hosp Pharm 1996 ; 49: 62-65.
660 Zeitung Michaels MR, Stauffer GL, Haas DP.
Propofol compatibility with other intravenous drug products - Two new methods of evaluating IV emulsion compatibility.
Ann Pharmacotherapy 1996 ; 30: 228-232.
813 Zeitung Akkermann SR, Zhang H, Mullins RE, Yaughn K.
Stability of milrinone lactate in the presence of 29 critical care drugs and 4 IV solutions.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1999 ; 56: 63-68.
939 Zeitung Gilbar PJ, Groves CF.
Visual compatibility of total parenteral nutrition solution (Synthamin 17 Premix*) with selected drugs during simulated Y-site injection.
Aust J Hosp Pharm 1994 ; 24: 167-170.
1041 Zeitung Hasegawa GR, Eder JF.
Visual compatibility of dobutamine hydrochloride with other injectable drugs.
Am J Hosp Pharm 1984 ; 41: 949-951.
1057 Zeitung Cutie MR.
Compatibility of verapamil hydrochloride injection with commonly used additives.
Am J Hosp Pharm 1983 ; 40: 1205-1207.
1072 Zeitung Saltsmann CL, Tom CM, Mitchell A, Fan JH, Gailey RA.
Compatibility of levofloxacin with 34 medications during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1999 ; 56: 1458-1459.
1085 Zeitung Irving HD, Burbridge BE.
Incompatibility of contrast agents with intravascular medications.
Radiology 1989 ; 173: 91-92.
1201 Zeitung Yuhas EM, Lofton FT, Rosenberg HA, Mayron D, Baldinus JG.
Cimetidine hydrochloride compatibility III: Room temperature stability in drug admixtures.
Am J Hosp Pharm 1981 ; 38: 1919-1922.
1228 Zeitung Allen LV, Stiles ML.
Compatibility of various admixtures at Y-injection sites of intravenous administration sets. Part2.
Am J Hosp Pharm 1981 ; 38: 380-381.
1232 Zeitung Beatson C, Taylor A.
A physical compatibility study of furosemide & flucloxacillin injections.
Br J Pharm Pract 1987 ; 9: 223-226, 236.
1506 Zeitung Lopez-Cabezas C, Guerrero L, Molas G, Anglada H, Soy D.
Physicochemical compatibility of high concentration drugs usually Y-site administered in intensive care units.
EJHP 2015 ;22:107-112.
1508 Zeitung Voirol P, Berger-Gryllaki M, Pannatier A, Eggimann P, Sadeghipour F.
Visual compatibility of insulin aspart with intravenous drugs frequently used in ICU.
EJHP 2015 ;22:123-124.
1512 Labor Tirofiban (Aggrastat®) - Summary of Product Characteristics
Beacon Pharmaceuticals Ltd 2015
1603 Zeitung Bergquist PA, Manas D, Hunke WA, Reed RA.
Stability and compatibility of tirofiban hydrochloride during simulated Y-site administration with other drugs.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2001 ; 58: 1218-1223.
1611 Zeitung Chalmers JR, Bobek MB, Militello MA.
Visual compatibility of amiodarone hydrochloride injection with various intravenous drugs.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2001 ; 58: 504-506.
1712 Zeitung Trissel LA, Saenz CA.
Compatibility screening of Precedex during simulated Y-site administration with other drugs.
Int J Pharm Compound 2002 ; 6: 230-233.
1713 Zeitung Trissel LA, Saenz CA.
Compatibility screening of bivalirudin during simulated Y-site administration with other drugs.
Int J Pharm Compound 2002 ; 6: 311-315.
1721 Zeitung Trissel LA, Williams KY, Baker MB.
Compatibility screening of Hextend during simulated Y-site administration with other drugs.
Int J Pharm Compound 2001 ; 5: 69-72.
1801 Zeitung Feddema S, Rusho WJ, Tyler LS, Barker B.
Physical compatibility of vasopressin with medications commonly used in cardiac arrest.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2003 ; 60: 1271-1272.
1803 Zeitung Trissel, LA, Saenz CA, Ogundele OB, Ingram D, Baker MB.
Compatibility of fenoldopam mesylate with other drugs during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2003 ; 60: 80-85.
1875 Zeitung Kjonniksen I, Brustugun J, Breivik H, Anderssen E, Klem W.
Stability of an epidural analgesic solution containing adrenaline, bupivacaine and fentanyl.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000 ; 44: 864-867.
1902 Zeitung Walker SE, Wyllie A, Law S.
Physical compatibility of pantoprazole with selected medications during simulated Y-site administration.
Can J Hosp Pharm 2004 ; 57, 2: 90-96.
1965 Zeitung Brustugun J, Kristensen S, Tonnesen HH.
Photostability of sympatomimetic agents in commonly used infusion media in the absence and presence of bisulfite.
PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2004 ; 58, 6: 296-308.
1982 Zeitung Trissel LA, Ogundele AB.
Compatibility of anidulafungin with other drugs during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2005 ; 62: 834-837.
2018 Zeitung Veggeland T.
Visual compatibility of clonidine with selected drugs.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2005 ; 62: 1968-1969.
2077 Zeitung Bonhomme L, Benhamou D, Comoy E, Preaux N.
Stability of epinephrine in alkalinized solutions.
Ann Emerg Med 1990 ; 19: 1242-1244.
2089 Zeitung Brustugun J, Kristensen S, Tonnesen HH.
Photostability of epinephrine - the influence of bisulfite and degradation products.
Pharmazie 2004 ; 59: 457-463.
2090 Zeitung Pere H, Chasse V, Forest JM, Hildgen P.
Compatibility of injectable pantoprazole in Y-site administration.
Pharmactuel 2004 ; 37: 193-196.
2108 Zeitung Trusley C, Kupiec TC, Trissel LA.
Compatibility of micafungin injection with other drugs during simulated Y-site co-administration.
Int J Pharm Compound 2006 ; 10: 230-232.
2109 Zeitung Pelletier E, Forest JM, Hildgen P.
Compatibilité de la kétamine injectable lors de l’administration en dérivé avec d’autres médicaments usuels.
Pharmactuel 2006 ; 39: 71-75.
2141 Zeitung Barinian N, Chanteux H, Viaene E, Servais H, Tulkens PM.
Stability and compatibility study of cefepime in comparaison with ceftazidime for potential administration by continuous infusion under conditions pertinent to ambulatory treatment of cystic fibrosis patients and to administration in intensive care units.
J Antimicrob Chemother 2003 ; 51: 651-658.
2231 Zeitung de Jongh R, Hens R, Basma V, mouton JW, Tulkens PM, Carryn S.
Continuous versus intermittent infusion of temocillin, a directed spectrum penicillin for intensive care patients with nosocomial pneumonia: stability, compatibility, population pharmacokinetic studies and breakpoint selection.
J Antimicrob Chemother 2008 ; 61, 2: 382-388.
2247 Zeitung Chan P, Heatherly K, Kupiec T.C, Trissel L.A.
Compatibility of caspofungin acetate injection with other drugs during simulated Y-site coadministration.
Int J Pharm Compound 2008 ; 12, 3: 276-278.
2306 Zeitung Priston M.J, Hughes J.M, Santillo M, Christie I.W.
Stability of an epidural analgesic admixture containing epinephrine, fentanyl and bupivacaine.
Anaesthesia 2004 ; 59, 10: 979-983.
2878 Zeitung Pascuet E, Donnelly RF, Garceau D, Vaillancourt R.
Buffered Lidocaine Hydrochloride Solution With and Without Epinephrine: Stability in Polypropylene Syringes.
Can J Hosp Pharm 2009 ; 62, 5: 375-380.
3012 Zeitung Sullivan T, Forrest J.M, Leclair G.
Compatibility of Cloxacillin Sodium with Selected Intravenous Drugs During Simulated Y-Site Administration
Hosp Pharm 2015 ; 50, 3: 214-220.
3086 Zeitung Robinson, J, Fernando, R, Sun Wai, W.Y., Reynolds, F.
Chemical stability of bupivacaine, lidocaine and epinephrine in pH-adjusted solutions.
Anaesthesia 2000 ; 55, 9: 853-858.
3152 Zeitung Kumar A, Mann HJ.
Visual compatibility of oritavancin diphosphate with selected coadministered drugs during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2010 ; 67: 1640-1644.
3184 Labor
Hyaluronidase (Hyalase®) - Summary of Product characteristics.
CP Pharmaceuticals 2005
3210 Zeitung Jasti Bhaskara R, Saraf Poonam.
Compatibility of Parenteral Furosemide with Seventeen Secondary Drugs Used in Standard Concentrations.
Int J Pharm Compound 2011 ; 15, 3: 259-261.
3309 Zeitung Zenoni D, Priori G, Bellan C, Invernizzi R.W.
Stability of diluted epinephrine in prefilled syringes for use in neonatology.
EJHP 2012 ;19:378-380
3372 Zeitung Hanci V, Ali Kiraz H, Ömür D, Ekin S, Uyan B, Yurtlu B.S.
Precipitation in Gallipoli: Sugammadex / Amiodarone & Sugammadex / Dobutamine & Sugammadex / Protamine.
Rev Bras Anestesiol 2013 ; 63, 1: 163-166.
3379 Zeitung Fox L.M, Wilder A.G, Foushee J.A.
Physical compatibility of various drugs with neonatal total parenteral nutrient solution during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2013 ;70:520-524.
3385 Zeitung Raverdi V, Ampe E, Hecq JD, Tulkens PM.
Stability and compatibility of vancomycin for administration by continuous infusion.
J Antimicrob Chemother 2013 ; 68: 1179-1182.
3397 Poster Heeb R.M, Krämer I.
Physicochemical stability of ready-to-administer epinephrine injection solutions 20 µg/mL, 50 mL.
EAHP Congress Paris 2013
3401 Zeitung Helin-Tanninen, M., Lehtonen, M., Naaranlahti, T., Ven?l?inen, T., Pentik?inen, J., Laatikainen, A., Kokki, H.
Stability of an epidural analgesic admixture of levobupivacaine, fentanyl and epinephrine.
J Clin Pharm Ther 2013 ;38, 2: 104-108
3408 Zeitung Tollec S, Touzin K, Pelletier E, Forest J.M.
Evaluation visuelle de la compatibilité physique de la naloxone avec d’autres médicaments intraveineux usuels.
Pharmactuel 2013 ; 46, 1 : 16-21.
3420 Zeitung El Kateb N, Chaussard M, Bellenger P, Petit A, Faure P.
Stability of an extemporaneously prepared bleomycin-lidocaine-epinephrine intradermal admixture used in dermatology
J Oncol Pharm Practice 2014 ; 21, 3: 178-187.
3445 Zeitung Heeb R.M, Thiesen J, Krämer I.
Aseptische Herstellung applikationsfertiger Adrenalin-Dauerinjektionen 20 µg/ml.
Krankenhauspharmazie 2013 ; 34, 8: 410-411.
3617 Labor Hyaluronidase (Hyalase®) - Summary of Product Characteristics
Wockhardt 2011
3622 Zeitung Weeks Phillip A, Teng Yang, Wu Lei, Sun Mary, Yang Zhen, Chow Diana S-L.
Chemical and Physical Compatibility of an Intravenous Solution of Epinephrine with Calcium Chloride.
Int J Pharm Compound 2014 ; 18, 2 : 152-158.
3642 Labor Epinephrine - Résumé des Caractéristiques du Produit
International Medication System (UK) 2013
3704 Zeitung Carr R.R, Decarie D, Ensom M.H.H
Stability of Epinephrine at Standard Concentrations
Can J Hosp Pharm 2014 ; 67, 3:179-202.
3712 Zeitung Ghanayem N.S, Lee L, Nelson T, Wong S, Gordon G.B, Markdante K et al.
Stability of dopamine and epinephrine solutions up to 84 hours.
Pediatr Crit Care Med 2001 ; 2, 4: 315-317.
3766 Zeitung Forrest J.M, Hildgen P.
Compatibilité de l’acétylcystéine injectable lors de son administration en Y avec d’autres médicaments usuels
Pharmactuel 2014 ; 47, 3 : 161-165.
3824 Zeitung Boudi S, Roy H, Forest JM, Leclair G.
Compatibilité physique de l'association amoxicilline-acide clavulanique en injection avec plusieurs autres médicaments lors d'une administration en Y.
Pharmactuel 2023 2023;56,3:91-98
3827 Poster Ghazi I.M, Hamada Y, Nicolau D.P.
Compatibility of tedizolid phosphate with selected intravenous drugs via simulated Y-site conditions.
ASHP Midyear 2015
3828 Poster Thabit A.K, Hamada Y, Nicolau D.P.
Ceftozolane/tazobactam physical compatibility during simulated Y-site administration.
ASHP Midyear 2015
3829 Poster So W, Kim L, Thabit A.K, Nicolau D.P, Kuti J.L.
Compatibility of isavunazonium sulfate during simulated Y-site administration.
ASHP Midyear 2015
3879 Zeitung Foushee Jaime A, Meredith Pmichaele, Fox Laura M, Grace Edward E.
Y-site Physical Compatibility of Beta-blocker Infusions with Intensive Care Unit Admixtures.
Int J Pharm Compound 2016 ; 20, 4 : 328-332.
3932 Labor Hydroxocobalamine (Cyanokit®) - Résumé des caractéristiques du produit
Serb Laboratoire 2015
3964 Zeitung Audet M.A, Forest E, Friciu M, Forest J.M, Leclair G.
Compatibilité du citrate de caféine injectable avec plusieurs autres médicaments.
Pharmactuel 2017 ; 50,1 : 27-33.
4026 Zeitung Van Matre E.T, Ho K.C., Lyda C, Fullmer B.A, Oldlan A.R, Kiser T.H.
Extended Stability of Epinephrine Hydrochloride Injection in Polyvinyl Chloride Bags Stored in Amber Ultraviolet Light-Blocking Bags.
Hosp Pharm 2017 ; 52, 8 : 570-573
4055 Zeitung Monogue M, Almarzoky Abuhussain S, Kuti J, Nicolau D.
Physical compatibility of fosfomycin for injection with select i.v. drugs during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2018 , 75, 1:36-44
4145 Zeitung Asempa T.E, Avery L.M, Kidd J.M, Kuti J.L, Nicolau D.P.
Physical compatibility of plazomicin with select i.v. drugs during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2018 ;75,14:1048-1056
4319 Zeitung Lessard J-J, Caron E, Schérer H, Forest J-M, Leclair G.
Compatibility of Y-site Injection of Meropenem Trihydrate With 101 Other Injectable Drugs.
Hosp Pharm 2020 ; 55, 5: 332-337.
4323 Poster Wethmar U, Hochbrügge H, Strobel HG.
Stabilitätsprüfung von applikationsfertigen Adrenalin- und Noradrenalinverdünningen.
ADKA Kongress 2019
4389 Zeitung Côté K, Correal F, Metras M.E, Friciu M, Forest J.M, Leclair G.
Compatibilité physique des médicaments administrés en Y aux soins intensifs, en particulier la dexmédétomidine, le lévosimendan et la kétamine.
Pharmactuel 2019 ;52,4:206-213
4393 Poster Hook R, Riss V, Neault A, Ma N, Law S, Walker S.E.
Chemical Stability of Epinephrine Diluted in 0.9% Sodium Chloride and Stored in Polypropylene (PP) Syringes at 4°C and 25°C.
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre 2020
4419 Zeitung Holt R.J, Siegert S.W.K, Krishna A.
Physical Compatibility of Ibuprofen Lysine Injection with Selected Drugs During Simulated Y-site Injection.
J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2008 ; 13, 3: 155-161.
4433 Zeitung Ghazi I.M, El Nekidy W.S, Sood A, Dulku A, Patel R, Patel K.
Y-site Administration of Imipenem/Cilastatin/ Relebactam With Common Intravenous Medications
Clin Ther 2020 ; 42, 3: 475-485.
4434 Zeitung Avery L.M, Chen, I.H, Reyes, S, Nicolau, D.P, Kuti J.L.
Assessment of the Physical Compatibility of Eravacycline and Common Parenteral Drugs During Simulated Y-site Administration.
Clin Ther 2019 ; 41, 10: 2162-2170.
4465 Zeitung Foushee A, Meredith P, Fox Laura, Wilder A.
Y-site physical compatibility of hydrocortisone continuous infusions with admixtures used in critically ill patients.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2020 ;77,14:1144-1148
4491 Zeitung De Basagoiti A, Katsumiti A, Abascal S, Bustinza A, López-Giménez L.R, Pilar P, De Miguel M, Campino A.
Physical compatibility of alprostadil with selected drugs commonly used in the neonatal intensive care units.
Eur J Pedia 2020
4506 Zeitung Griffith S, Stapleton E, Padilla S, Mruk A, Thomas C.
Physical compatibility of milrinone 1 mg/mL with select cardiovascular medications during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2020 ;77,23:1938-1940.
4528 Zeitung Lu J, Liu Q, Kupiec T, Vail H, Lunch L, Fam D, Vu N.
Physical Compatibility of Cefiderocol with Selected Intravenous Drugs During Simulated Y-site Administration.
Int J Pharm Compound 2021 ;25,1:52-61
4543 Zeitung Senarathna G, Strunk T, Petrovski M, Batty K.
Physical compatibility of pentoxifylline and intravenous medications.
Archives of Disease in Childhood 2018 ;104:292–295.
4570 Zeitung Greenhill K, Hornsby E, Gorman G.
Investigations of Physical Compatibilities of Commonly Used Intravenous Medications with and without Parenteral Nutrition in Pediatric Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit Patients.
Pharmaceuticals 2019
4603 Zeitung Vallée M, Barthélémy I, Friciu M, Pelletier E, Forest J.M, Benoit F, Leclair G.
Compatibility of Lactated Ringer’s Injection With 94 Selected Intravenous Drugs During Simulated Y-site Administration.
Hosp Pharm 2021 ; 56, 4: 228-234.
4651 Zeitung De Basagoiti A, Katsumiti A, Abascal S, Bustinza A, López-Giménez L.R, Pascual P, De Miguel M, Campino A.
Physical compatibility of alprostadil with selected drugs commonly used in the neonatal intensive care units.
Eur J Pedia 2021 ;180,1169–1176.
4655 Zeitung Holyk A, Lindner A, Lindner S, Shippert B
Physical compatibility of Normosol-R with critical care medications used in patients with COVID-19 during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2022 ;79,1:27-33
4732 Zeitung Kenneally A, Agbana P, Gardner B, Bae Y, Mitchell T, Beckman E.
Compatibility of calcium chloride with milrinone, epinephrine, vasopressin, and heparin via in vitro testing and simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2023 80, 3;164–170
4742 Zeitung Macoviciuc M, Nguyen C, Forest J-M, Leclair G.
Compatibilité physique de l’acétaminophène injectable avec 102 autres médicaments lors d’une administration en Y.
Pharmactuel 2022 ; 55, 4: 247-255.
4778 Zeitung Hook R, Neault A, Scharer D, Law S, Walker S.E, Ma N.H, Riss V.
Chemical stability of epinephrine 10 µg/mL doluted in 0.9% sodium chloride and stored in polypropylene syringes at 4°C and 25°C.
Int J Pharm Compound 2023 ; 27, 4: 347-351.
4801 Zeitung Ruiz V, Yuwei Shen Y, Abouelhassan Y, Fouad A, Nicolau D, Kuti J.
Physical compatibility of sulbactam/durlobactam with select intravenous drugs during simulated Y-site administration.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2024 ;51,1:
4818 Labor Giapreza 2.5mg per ml concentrate for solution for infusion - Summary of Product Characteristics Updated 30-Jun-2022
PAION UK Ltd 2022
4837 Zeitung De Silva, D.T.N Petrovski M, Strunk T, Mukadam N, Page‑Sharp N, Moore B.R, Batty K.T.
Physicochemical compatibility of caffeine citrate and caffeine base injections with parenteral medications used in neonatal intensive care settings.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024 ; 80:1079–1087.

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