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References   References 2306  
Type : Journal
Research teams : Plymouth - Derriford Hospital,Department of Pharmacy
Authors : Priston M.J, Hughes J.M, Santillo M, Christie I.W.
Title : Stability of an epidural analgesic admixture containing epinephrine, fentanyl and bupivacaine.
Reference : Anaesthesia ; 59, 10: 979-983. 2004
Level of Evidence : 
Level of evidence B
Physical stability : 
Visual examination 
Chemical stability : 
High Performance Liquid Chromatography - ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV)
Stability defined as 95% of the initial concentration
Stability defined as 95% of the initial concentration
Stability defined as 90% of the initial concentration
Other methods : 
PH measurement 
Comments : 
List of drugs
injectionBupivacaine hydrochloride Local anesthetic
injectionEpinephrine hydrochloride Sympathomimetic
Factors which affect stability Temperature Increase Induces Degradation
injectionFentanyl citrate Analgesic
Stability of mixtures
Polyvinyl chloride Not specified 18-22°C Protect from light
injection Epinephrine hydrochloride 2 µg/ml
injection Fentanyl citrate 2 µg/ml
injection Bupivacaine hydrochloride 1 mg/ml
184 Day
Polyvinyl chloride Not specified 18-22°C Protect from light
injection Fentanyl citrate 2 µg/ml
injection Bupivacaine hydrochloride 1 mg/ml
184 Day
Polyvinyl chloride Not specified 4°C Protect from light
injection Bupivacaine hydrochloride 1 mg/ml
injection Fentanyl citrate 2 µg/ml
injection Epinephrine hydrochloride 2 µg/ml
184 Day
Polyvinyl chloride Not specified 4°C Protect from light
injection Bupivacaine hydrochloride 1 mg/ml
injection Fentanyl citrate 2 µg/ml
184 Day
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